10 Keys to Writing Story Beats in Novels (with Exercises)

10 Keys to Writing Story Beats in NovelsKey 1: A Story Beat is the Smallest Unit in Fiction

The definition: A beat is the smallest story unit in fiction. Individual words are like atoms. Story beats are the molecules, the real building blocks of the story world. There are different categories or types of story beats including a line of dialogue, a moment of action, a moment of reaction, a moment of inaction, a visual image, an emotion, a setting, a theme, or an instance of meta-storytelling.

A beat is often a sentence long, though sometimes it will be half a sentence or two to three sentences.

A group of beats together builds a scene; a group of scenes builds a chapter; a group of chapters builds a novel. But if the beats aren’t working right, the novel will crumble.

moleculesA metaphorical depiction of molecules, from The Golden Book Encyclopedia, 1959. Image Credit: cori kindred, Creative Commons license

We use story beats naturally, but when we analyze them consciously it allows us to improve them. For example, dialogue beats often follow each other, and if we just have a series of dialogue beats it speeds up the pace of the scene. It’s also useful to interrupt a series of dialogue beats with an emotion beat or an action beat, and sometimes doing so isn’t optional, or we will lose or frustrate our readers.

I’ve tried to create a comprehensive, yet in-depth look at beats in this three-part blog post series. Each blog post includes several writing exercises.

Part 1: Intro to Story Beats (this post)

  • Key 1: defining a story beat
  • Key 2: the beat sheet.
  • Key 3: the pause or inaction beat.
  • 2 Writing Exercises

Part 2: Action Beats, Dialogue Beats, and Beat Variation

Action Beats Dialogue Beats & Beat Variation

  • Key 4: in-depth on action beats.
  • Key 5: integrating dialogue and action beats.
  • Key 6: varying your beats (and the three beat rule).
  • 2 Writing Exercises

Part 3: Emotion Story Beats

Writing Powerful Emotion Beats in Fiction

  • Key 7: using emotion beats to connect your reader to the character.
  • Key 8: using emotion beats that are distinctive to your story world or character.
  • Key 9: advanced emotion beats.
  • Key 10: complex reaction beats.
  • 3 Writing Exercises

Key 2: Use a Beat Sheet to Outline your Story

What is a Beat Sheet? A beat sheet is a sort of outline or sequencing of your story, using a list or bullet points. The term is used primarily in screenwriting that has been borrowed by novelists.

Save the CatYou can think about a beat sheet as your story skeleton. The beats referred to in the beat sheet are actually bigger-picture than the beats I’m discussing in this blog post. If you’re interested in creating a beat sheet, I strongly recommend the Save the Cat. The book focuses on screenwriting, but it works great for novel structure as well. Another useful resource is novelist Dan Wells’ seven point plot structure, which you can view in a series of youtube videos.

Key 3: Incorporate the Pause or Inaction Beat to Imitate Life, Build Tension, and Give Reaction Space to your Reader

As writers, we want our characters to always be doing things. Yet sometimes a pause can be powerful, or is the natural reaction of a character.

There’s a great example in The Life of Pi by Yann Martel. The main character, a young Indian boy named Piscine (nicknamed Pi), decides that he wants to be Christian, Muslim, and Hindu. As luck would have it, all three of his religious leaders run into Pi and his parents at the same time.

Pause beats are used masterfully throughout the passage:

The Life of Pi

        After the “Hellos” and the “Good days”, there was an awkward silence. The priest broke it when he said, with pride in his voice, “Piscine is a good Christian boy. I hope to see him join our choir soon.”
        My parents, the pandit and the imam looked surprised.
       “You must be mistaken. He’s a good Muslim boy. He comes without fail to Friday prayer, and his knowledge of the Holy Qur’an is coming along nicely.” So said the imam.
       My parents, the priest and the pandit looked incredulous.
       The pandit spoke. “You’re both wrong. He’s a good Hindu boy. I see him all the time at the temple coming for darshan and performing puja.”
       My parents, the imam and the priest looked astounded.
       “There is no mistake,” said the priest. “I know this boy. He is Piscine Molitor Patel and he’s a Christian.”
       “I know him too, and I tell you he’s a Muslim,” asserted the imam.
       “Nonsense!” cried the pandit. “Piscine was born a Hindu, lives a Hindu and will die a Hindu!”
       The three wise men stared at each other, breathless and disbelieving.
       Lord, avert their eyes from me, I whispered in my soul.
       All eyes fell upon me.
 

The intensity increases throughout the passage with each pause. Sometimes conflict in dialogue occurs at a machine gun pace, but often it’s in little spurts, with pauses in between.

The most common type of pause is actually the use of a dialogue tag. Now admittedly, a lot of dialogue tags aren’t actual pauses—they’re just orienting the reader, telling us who is speaking. Yet sometimes dialogue tags are used to create a short pause, a short beat for either the characters or the reader, simply by where they are placed.

For example, take The Great Greene Heist by Varian Johnson. It’s an awesome heist/political intrigue novel set in middle school:

“Maybe I should talk to Carmen,” Keith said. “Persuade her to change her mind.”
“Or maybe you should just let it go,” Wilton said. “With Kelsey on your side, there’s no way Gaby can win.”

Here the dialogue tags are performing their basic function: letting us know the speaker. Yet both tags also create a pause. In part this imitates the natural pauses in human speech. By adding a dialogue tag, it implies a longer pause than a period would create. In the above example, both pauses show a progression of thought, and add emphasis to key parts of the dialogue.

Exercises

Exercises
Image by Tommy Wong, Creative Commons license

Exercise 1: Pauses

Write a dialogue between two characters (your own or someone else’s) where the pauses are as important as what is said.

Exercise 2: Analyze a Scene

Choose a scene from one of your favorite books and analyze how the author uses beats. Does she use lots of action beats? Do they always follow dialogue with emotion beats? When are setting beats used and to what effect? Etc.

Check out my new novel!

If you enjoyed this post, please consider learning about my new spy novel, The Secret Life of Miss Mary Bennet, coming in April 2021 from Tule Publishing.

The Secret Life of Miss Mary Bennet: Coming Spring 2021

Read More:

Part 2: Action Beats, Dialogue Beats, and Beat Variation (Keys 4-6)

Action Beats Dialogue Beats & Beat Variation

Part 3: Emotion Story Beats (Keys 7-10)

Writing Powerful Emotion Beats in Fiction

10 Keys to Writing Dialogue in Fiction

10 Keys to Writing Dialogue in Fiction

Original paragliding image by Dorin Paslaru, Creative Commons license
 
 

Thoughts on Working with a Translator

A few weeks ago I received a random email from a professional translator, Gabriel González Núñez, who had fallen in love with a play I wrote, “In Which Eve Names Everything Else.” It placed second in the 2013 Mormon Lit Blitz contest, and the piece really stuck with Gabriel, who wanted to translate it and publish it to his blog.

I was psyched. That’s pretty awesome to have one of my works translated to another language, and have it available to a whole new set of readers. So of course I gave him permission.

William Blake - The Angel of the Divine Presence Bringing Eve to Adam

William Blake – The Angel of the Divine Presence Bringing Eve to Adam

I read Spanish fairly well, so I asked if Gabriel could send me a copy for it before he posted it. From the first read, I loved the translation.

When he sent me the translation, Gabriel mentioned a few of the tough choices he’d had to make. For one thing, in Spanish a word is shared for chipmunk and squirrel. Adam and Eve making a distinction between the two animals makes sense in English, but not in Spanish. I recommended choosing entirely new rodents that look similar, and Gabriel chose hamster/guinea pig (hámster/cuy).

The other problem was my use of the word hangnail. In my play, it’s one of the first things Eve names after leaving the garden. Yet in Spanish the word for hangnail is padrastro, which also means father-in-law. That’s problematic as neither Adam or Eve have a father-in-law, and it would be confusing for readers. Gabriel used the word elbow instead, but he wasn’t happy with it, so I had to think about why I chose hangnail in the first place.

What I realized is that I chose hangnail because it’s a defect in the body, something that couldn’t happen in the Garden of Eden. It’s also foreshadowing for when Cain kills Abel: if you can get a hangnail, you can also die.

When I sent him my thoughts, Gabriel chose the word moretón. It means bruise, and creates a nice, visual imagery. In my honest opinion, it’s is a better word than hangnail. If I were to revise the play in English, I’d probably substitute the word hangnail with the word bruise. It’s more evocative. So it turns out the Spanish version may in fact be better than the original English.

This was a fun experience for me. I know it’s rare for an author to be able to actually go back-and-forth with a translator and talk about meaning, intent, and influence some of the choices being made. And now I can say that my work has been translated to another language.

Read the original play, in English

Read the translation, in Spanish, by Gabriel González Núñez

 

My First Story: The Turtle That Got Too Close To The Sun

I wrote my first book when I was 5. It was titled The Turtle That Got Too Close To The Sun.

Here’s my 5-year-old author picture (aka my kindergarten school picture):

Katherine Cowley Author Picture Age 5

I wrote the story, and then my mom helped me lay it out in multi-page form. I drew the illustrations in black ink, and then my mom copied them, so I could send a copy of the story to all my relatives. After my mom sewed the book together on her sewing machine, I colored in the pictures.

And now, without further ado, the story:

The Turtle That Got Too Close to the Sun

Turtle Page 1

Turtle Page 2

Turtle Page 3

Turtle Page 4

Turtle Page 5

Turtle Page 6

Turtle Page 7

 

I still feel that this story may be the best thing I’ve ever written.

Story Influences

Near the beginning of kindergarten we watched a movie about the Icarus myth. To escape from their island prison, Icarus’ father, Daedalus, builds them wings. As they’re escaping, Icarus flies too close to the sun. Apparently this myth bothered me, because a few months later I wrote this story. I reflect more on the process of writing this story in my personal essay, “I Am Not a Writer.”

Letting Go of Cynicism

I attended the same religious theater event two years in a row. The first time I found it lacking and dull; the second time I loved it. Yet nothing changed about the event itself: the costumes, acting, singing, dancing, and special effects were exactly the same. The only thing that changed was me.

The event in question was the Mesa Arizona Easter Pageant: Jesus the Christ. It’s held outside the Mesa Arizona Temple each year. In the weeks leading up to Easter, between 5,000 and 13,000 people attend the event each night. It’s been held almost every year since 1928, except for a few years during World War II.

Mesa Easter Pageant

Last year I went with my younger sister. I couldn’t get into the pageant. I mentioned to my sister that I was having trouble suspending disbelief. The prerecorded music and audio parts bothered me; the actors moved their mouths to the parts, and at times it felt like a badly dubbed film. I kept noticing the airplanes as they flew towards the Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. It’s a big airport, so there were a lot of distracting airplanes. There were constant noises, people getting up to go to the bathroom, and babies crying. And once you’ve been to a ballet in St. Petersburg, any dancing looks, well, bad in comparison. I also couldn’t stop thinking about the artificial nature of spectacle.

The problem wasn’t a disconnect with the subject material. I am a believer. I love the Christ story. I love Easter, and the chance it gives to celebrate Christ’s resurrection—that He died for us, and that He lives.

Last year I went to the pageant with a cynical attitude. And so while I had fun doing something with my sister and appreciated the pageant on some levels, I did not get much out of it.

I’d like to point out that a cynical attitude is not the same as an analytical one. At this point, I can’t turn off the analytical. After four years of studying humanities and film as an undergrad, two years of studying English and rhetoric as a grad student, and years since then analyzing art, I can’t turn off the analysis. I watched Gravity last weekend and I was salivating over some of those beautiful long takes that never seemed to end. If I’m really into something I can tone down my analysis, but I can’t turn it off. This year when I went to the Easter pageant I still was my normal analytical self, but I wasn’t cynical.

This year I went as an adult leader of my church’s youth group. I’m responsible for the 14-15 year old girls, but we went as a larger group, with all the 12-18 year old girls and guys in our congregation. When we got to downtown Mesa, we drove around side streets for a while until we found a place to park. Then we walked with hundreds of others to the field next to the beautiful white temple where the pageant is held.

We found the seats, about a third the way back, that some of the other leaders had saved. We ate Costco pizza and passed around a mix of homemade and store bought cookies. There were also some token carrots that almost no one touched. As we waited for the production to begin, a few of the guys played a game of Magic. One girl played on her cell phone. A guy and a girl shared headphones to listen to music. I sat next to one of the girls that no one was talking to, and I listened as she told me about school, her family, her worries and her fears. “I wish I could solve your problems,” I thought. But there was not a single one of them I could fix. I could only listen.

The sun went down. There’s something beautiful about that, about the sun setting, the day closing the same way it has since creation. As the sun sets, it’s a natural dimming of the lights and opening of the curtains, in a way that’s happened since our ancestors told stories around campfires. “I am part of a group,” I thought. “A community. We’re all here for the same reason.” I felt connected, both to the people I knew directly around me, and the thousands of people there I did not know.

The program began with a prayer, and then the music started. Jesus the Christ uses a frame story—a Roman centurion who saw Christ killed wants to learn about his life, and one of Christ’s followers narrates the story, which we see acted out on the stage. There’s beautiful dance numbers as people share their joy through movement. I loved the bright colors of the costume, and the angels in brilliant white clothes above the stage. There was a real pool of water for Jesus’ baptism. “Is that a real bird?” the girl next to me asked, as they released a bird into the night. The production featured real sheep and a real donkey, which added authenticity.

There were plenty of distractions. A group of girls from our congregation headed in a pack to the bathroom. Pizza and water bottles were passed back and forth. People shared blankets and complained about the chill. There were plenty of airplanes and a cool helicopter. A baby a few rows ahead of us cried. Behind me, I heard one of the girls whisper that her mom had been one of the dancers in the Ten Virgins scenes a few years ago. “How cool is that?” I thought. A lot of the teenagers I was with had come to the pageant every single year with their families.

The pageant featured some of the most compelling scenes from Christ’s ministry. The many healings and miracles Christ performed are shown in the course of a single song. Even though it’s clear these are actors it’s still powerful. The most spectacular moments for me were when almost the entire 450 person cast was on stage at the same time. About ten years ago I saw the opera Turandot at the Finnish National Opera house, and it had a huge cast, with beautiful, high-value production numbers. But to have 450 people dancing and moving on stage, in perfect coordination, is astounding.

At the very end of the show the resurrected Christ rises in the air. If you looked closely you could see the machine that lifted Him up, but it did not matter. It was a perfect end to the night.

A pageant was never meant to be high art. Yet it’s a beautiful form that has been used to draw people together for thousands of years. And this year, I let myself be part of the tradition.

I want to more often let go of cynicism that grips me. I want to approach art, literature, and theater with a spirit of generosity, looking not for flaws but for meaning and beauty. I want to apply that same generosity to belief, and perhaps most importantly, to the people around me. We’re all striving, we’re all imperfect, and yet there is beauty in each of us.

 

(Image by midiman via flickr, Creative Commons license.)

I Am Not a Writer

I Am Not a Writer essayThis essay received second place in the BYU Studies 2013 Essay Contest. Original image of typewriter by Bernard Walker via flickr, Creative Commons license. 

I Am Not a Writer

“For when you become a writer!” read the note on the most expensive pen I had ever touched, a pen I would never consider buying for myself. The pen was a gift that I received on my seventeenth birthday.

A year and a half later, I decided that if I wanted to be a writer, I needed to write. I found a pretty notebook. I removed the pen from its soft, velvety case. I took off the cap. And I began to write, using the conveniently simple subject predicate structure I have so masterfully demonstrated in this paragraph.

Several hundred wretched words about a frozen woman later, the pen exploded like a piece of dynamite placed on the track of an enemy train—Lawrence of Arabia or The Bridge on the River Kwai, you take your pick.

This was figuratively, mind you. Explode might be the wrong verb.

What actually happened is the ink coming out of the nib began to congeal. Picture curdled milk, the kind you get at a cheese factory. At the same time, ink began seeping through every crevice in the pen and spurting out the back of the pen onto my hands (which were dyed blue for a week) and my shirt (which was fated, as the cliché says, to never again see the light of day).

I considered it a sign. Not, of course, that it might be a bad thing to take a pen on multiple international flights with varying air pressure. Not, of course, that it might be a bad thing to expose a pen to extremes in temperature (from 12 to 105 degrees Fahrenheit, thank you very much). And not, of course, that the best way to maintain a pen is to use it. No, this was a sign that I am not a writer—I merely touch the writer’s pen and it explodes.

*****

A doctor doctors. An accountant counts. A cook cooks. A plumber plumbs. A teacher teaches. A seller sells. A detective detects. A joker jokes. A driver drives. An owner owns.

This is all very clear to me. Change an occupation noun into a verb, and you not only have alliteration, but you have direction, meaning, purpose for those seconds that turn into minutes that turn into hours that turn into days.

So it should be clear to me that a writer writes. But it is not.

Saying a writer writes is like saying a lady-in-waiting waits. A pianist pians. A surgeon surges. A cobbler cobbs (or cobbles?). A physicist physics. A psychic psyches. A pastor pastes.

If I happen to paste one thing to another, I am not a pastor. If I happen to write a word, a phrase, a sentence, I am not a writer.

After all, an accountant takes a test. A certification. He gets paid for what he does. Others entrust him with money—before he has even performed a task. He goes to work for eight hours—or perhaps for ten or twelve, if he is young and inexperienced or seeks a promotion or is unattached to his wife or finds a thrill in the long hours.

There are no promotions for writers. No movement from assistant writer to writer to special writer to official and true writer. Yes, traditionally poet laureates and others received patronage—a place in the royal household, money, food, and wine—as long as they turned out the proper poems for the proper occasions, they could write as they liked. Universities provide a similar patronage today: teach our students, publish in these journals, fulfill other commitments to the university, and you’ll probably have time to write at least a little of what you want. At least you won’t have to take a second day job.

But having a bit of time and energy to devote to writing just never feels like enough.

To say, “I am a writer,” is to invite the gnawing worm of self doubt. I picture the squirming creature from Star Trek’s The Wrath of Khan: placed in the ear, the eel drills into the skull, controlling and feeding off of the brain, ultimately leading to the death of the individual. This parasitic invertebrate whispers, you are not a writer. That’s a bad idea. You don’t have anything worth saying. No one cares what you have to say—no one even read what you wrote. You don’t have a divine Muse tucked in your pocket or sitting on your shawl, and if you ever did see one of those nine Greek goddesses you probably wouldn’t recognize her.

While having a self doubt parasite nest in your brain is bad enough, perhaps the most trying part is the sense that you have not arrived. You are not truly a writer until you can quit your day job. Until you finish or publish or find an agent or sell that next novel. Until that revision squeezes every last bit of pulp out of your ideas and makes it palpable in words. Until you master the sonnet, the villanelle, the essay, the memoir, the revolutionary war fiction, the picture book, and, of course, the paranormal romance. Until you write that work of creative nonfiction that not only makes the New York Times bestseller list but can make your readers laugh and cry at your profound themes and clever sentences. Until you, like Walt Whitman, revise Leaves of Grass “just one more time”—for surely this publication you will get it right.

To win $200 in a contest is not enough. To write and revise a hundred page honors thesis—and then to fruitlessly check, every six months, to see if someone, anyone, has checked it out from the university library—is clearly not enough. To tell the 60 college students who signed up for my writing classes that they were writers and to teach them rhetoric and MLA and structure and transitions and style was not enough. I always believed that my students were writers—that they could write with power and purpose and make a difference in the world. But for some reason, I can never believe that for myself.

Yet surely it is sitting in an ivory tower to say, “I have not written everything I want to write, or had my writing do everything I would like it to do. Thus, I am not a writer.”

After all, it would be strange to hear a chef exclaim, “I am not a cook! I have not yet cooked a Turkducken.” (I have never seen a Turkducken, so I am assuming—perhaps fallaciously—that most chefs have never attempted stuffing a chicken into a duck and then stuffing that duck into a turkey.) Or perhaps our chef has cooked a Turkducken, but something went wrong. Perhaps she ended up with turkey skin, duck wings, chicken breasts, and stuffing splattered, unceremoniously, all over the wall. Perhaps she will not admit that she has cooked—using the concept liberally—a Turkducken. But she is still a chef. I would not take that title from her.

I am now able to say that I am a mother, something my running, talking daughters can attest to. Whether I’m terrible or great, as soon as my first child emerged from my womb, I officially donned that title. I want to be a great mother. I want to be always loving and always caring and always cheerful and always giving good advice. Whether or not I always succeed—as long as I don’t fail miserably, to the despair of local social workers—I will still deserve the title of mother.

So perhaps I am a writer. I have good intentions. I give birth to ideas. I try to nurture them, help them grow and develop. And then I dress them and send them out the door and into the world. Is that not what writing is?

*****

When a doctor errs, a patient dies, takes a while to heal, or goes to a different doctor to get the prescription she really wants. A pianist misses a crucial chord at her concerto or doesn’t sell enough CDs and has to teach rich, uninterested children to play. The cobbler misplaces an important stitch on a shoe or loses a button, realizing later that night he has not truly sold the service his customer paid for. Or his profession slowly disappears because no one in their right mind would pay to repair cheap, mass-produced, 12-sizes-fit-all Payless shoes. The detective leaves yet another murder unsolved, knowing her adventures will never be featured on a TV crime show.

What happens when a writer errs? A manuscript collects dust. An idea fails. Or perhaps your writing hurts someone or has unforeseen repercussions, sending a reader into depression or straining a relationship with a family member. Perhaps you sell out on yourself or your masterpiece of words becomes the propaganda tool of a future political tyrant. Or you die lonely and alone. The consequences seem dire. Yet still doctors doctor, pianists pian, cobblers cobble, and detectives detect. Writers write. We all dream, we all live, we all die, and perhaps our dreams aren’t fully realized. But they’re still worth dreaming.

In a sense, no matter what we do or how we define ourselves, we are essayists. For an essayist assays—attempts. Attempts to make meaning, attempts to find answers. Attempts to lift up a stone and look at it anew.

In third grade I learned a game from my red-haired teacher Mrs. Spritzer (who reminded me of Ms. Frizzle from The Magic School Bus).  Mrs. Spritzer had a bucket of random items—often broken parts of toys or scraps of things, perhaps recognizable for their origins, but not always. We would sit in a large circle, and some lucky person (I’m sure I would remember if it had ever been me) would get to pull an item from the bucket. Then, the item would be passed around the circle, and each person would be required to transform it. You could make it bigger or smaller, change the color, add something to it. You could also piggyback off of someone else’s idea, as long as the result was not exactly the same.

A pen cap might be enlarged into a giant rolling pipe for the playground, or be stretched into a powerful telescope that can see across the galaxy. A paper clip becomes a fishhook, a nose-picker, a modern metallic picture frame. A fuzzy piece of fabric transforms and we discover an Eskimo’s blanket, a pouch for mama’s wedding ring, soft padding for an old-fashioned, jingle-bell sleigh ride. There was no final answer, no final conclusion: simply a sharing of the journey your mind took from object A to object B.

It seems to me that this is the attitude of the writer. To read the world, as Roland Barthes would say, in a writerly way, as a text that is not complete, requiring my contributions, my interpretation, my meaning-making, my pen to be made whole. A writerly person gets up in the morning ready and willing to act: she isn’t simply acted upon.

In kindergarten I was disturbed by the story of Icarus. A little boy dies, after all—and simply for doing something that seems so wonderful: flying freely through the air. Perhaps the lesson is a good one for a child. Taken to an extreme, any action or desire can be a bad thing. Fly too high, and you will die. Ride your bicycle too fast, and you will fall and scrape your knee. Get too close to the stove, and you’ll get burnt. Eat too loudly, play too wildly, act too freely, and there will be consequences. These might, as was the case for our mechanically-feathered friend, be irreversible.

While from a logical perspective the Icarus myth is rather true to life, it continued to nag at my mind. Months later, without intentionally creating a palimpsest, a rewriting, I wrote my own story, “The Turtle That Got Too Close to the Sun.” Meet turtle, a standard green ectotherm. One day, he’s walking through the trees, and sees a pink balloon. He jumps (yes, jumps) on the pink balloon, and it carries him away. He floats upward, past trees, upward, past mountains. And then the unthinkable happens—he gets too close to the sun. The pink balloon pops, and the turtle falls, falls, falls into the ocean. Luckily, like most turtles, our turtle friend can swim. He has not encountered the sun unchanged though; with the profound wisdom of a 5 year old I wrote, “Then the turtle was yellow. Then the turtle felt different.”

I want to be like turtle, because feeling different is a good thing. If anyone feels different because of my words, even if it’s just me, then my writing is doing something right. I want to experience the world in a writerly way, as something unfixed and still open to meaning-making, because if I do then my assays, my attempts, can create transformation. I can rescue Icarus and paint him yellow.